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以太坊在合并后将面临哪些潜在的中心化风险?
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作者:TJ Keel(The Tie) 以太坊合并将给以太坊带来新的中心化问题,这一问题主要体现在三个方面。虽然以太坊合并后的中心化问题是可以解决的,但如果不加控制,以下三个领域的中心化有可能控制和破坏以太坊区块链: 共识层客户端的多样性 执行层客户端的多样性 质押池和中心化交易所质押的主导地位
以太坊节点运行在客户端之上,它更容易被理解为一种软件引擎,没有客户端,节点将无法验证区块和交易数据。当前有许多用不同编程语言编写的客户端;然而,矿工、节点运行商和验证者往往倾向于选择信誉良好的少数客户端。毕竟,一个编写语言不够完美的客户端会影响哈希速率、验证节点的正常运行时间、证明、区块提议的频率,并且在验证节点最坏的情况下会带来罚没(slashing)的风险。 在以太坊合并后,以太坊的共识层和执行层都将在信标链(Beacon Chain)上运行,共识层和执行层都有自己的客户端,而且它们都有自己的客户端多样性问题。 共识层下面的内容将概述每个以太坊层在其当前和合并后的状态下,以及它们在客户端多样性方面的独特风险。此外,我们将分析目前信标链上的质押分布情况,以及这种中心化程度是如何被垄断性的液态质押衍生品所加剧的。 以太坊从一开始就选择了一个多客户的方法来对区块进行验证。以太坊的客户端是由不同的团队,用不同的编程语言建立的,其主要目的是增加对潜在问题的免疫力。具体来说,这样做是为了防止不需要的和其他不正确的区块提议。在同等条件下,这比单客户端的方法要好。 当然,缺乏足够多样性的多客户端方法比运行在单一客户端上的区块链要更糟糕。 在一种情况下,如果一个共识层客户端保留了超级多数的份额,而该客户端错误的提出了一个区块,那么一切都会开始严重崩溃。不仅这个错误的区块会被验证为“正确的”,而且所有反对的少数客户端会因为违反共识而被罚没,尽管他们提出的才是真正正确的区块。 然而,当运行在单个客户端上的区块链错误的提出一个区块时,同样的错误记录将被验证,但它并没有罚没少数客户端,因为它们根本就不存在。在这两种情况中的任何一种,不正确的区块都被验证了。但在多客户端的情况下,占有超级多数份额的客户端也会罚没无辜和勤奋的参与者。 健康的客户端多样性是以太坊过渡到权益证明的基础,在 2022 年上半年,社区集中精力努力分散以太坊新兴共识层的客户端份额。目前社区在减少 Prysm 的使用份额方面已经取得了一些进展,它的主导地位确实已经从超级多数(>66% 的份额),下降到仅仅是多数在使用。 客户端分布要知道以太坊信标链上确切的客户端分布在技术上是不可行的,但已经有一些有信誉的尝试来对其进行估计。 我们要看的两个数据来源讲述了一个类似的故事,尽管 Prysm 主导地位的严重程度根据抽样方法的不同而不同。正如 Ether Alpha 在 Clientdiversity.org 描述的那样,Sigma Prime 和 Miga Labs 开发了两种不同的方法来确定问题的严重程度: Miga Labs 使用爬虫来计算信标节点和他们自报的身份。然而,这意味着共享一个节点的验证者只被计算一次,验证者较少的节点对估计值有较大影响。(Miga Labs |
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