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纽约时报:朝鲜如何利用加密黑客来为巨大支出提供经费?
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这个与世隔绝的国家继续想方设法逃避制裁并在全球金融体系的边缘创造收入。 原文标题:《How North Korea Used Crypto to Hack Its Way Through the Pandemic》 作者:Choe Sang-Hun & David Yaffe-Bellany,纽约时报 朝鲜的经济受到联合国制裁和新冠病毒的蹂躏,并饱受粮食短缺的困扰。同时,该地区出现一种来源不明的肝肠道病毒,并于 6 月开始大肆传播。 然而,该国今年进行的导弹试验比以往任何一年都多。政府正在为党内精英提供新的豪宅。朝鲜领导人金正恩已承诺为该国不断增长的武器库开发先进技术。该国预计随时会进行第七次核试验。但是经费从哪里来? 今年 4 月,美国公开指责朝鲜黑客从链游 Axie Infinity 中窃取了 6.2 亿美元的加密货币,从而解释了朝鲜政权的经济来源。这是加密领域规模最大的盗窃案,美国提供了最有力的证据,证明窃取加密货币已成为朝鲜在新冠疫情期间筹集资金的一种非常有利可图但相对无风险的方式,用以支持政权并为其国家军事武器开发提供资金。 贫穷、孤立且受到严厉制裁的朝鲜长期以来一直通过非法活动来获取外汇。具体方式包括贩卖武器、运输毒品和伪造美元钞票,朝鲜工人为缅甸军方挖掘隧道,并为非洲独裁者建造雕像和纪念碑。此外,朝鲜还培养黑客来破坏外国网站并从公司和银行窃取资金。 由于新冠疫情,许多国家对出入境进行管控,并且传统银行加强了针对黑客的防火墙,因此盗取加密货币已成为朝鲜政权日益重要的获取外汇手段。朝鲜黑客被指控在 2017 年 1 月至 2018 年 9 月期间从加密货币交易所窃取5.71 亿美元,从 2019 年至 2020 年 11 月期间窃取3.16 亿美元。 根据加密数据公司 Chainalysis 的数据,朝鲜黑客去年可能已经窃取了近 4 亿美元的加密货币。今年,这方面的收入略低于10 亿美元。而根据韩国政府统计机构的数据,该国在 2020 年的官方出口收入仅为 8900 万美元。 加密货币不是稳定的资金来源。在过去的两个月里,市场发生崩盘,下跌造成数千亿美元的资金蒸发,比特币的价格自 2020 年底以来首次跌破 20,000 美元。截至去年年底,朝鲜持有价值 1.7 亿美元的加密货币,根据 Chainalysis 的说法,这些加密货币是该国盗取但未兑换成现金的资金。截至上周,这些资金仅值 6500 万美元。 但在朝鲜因担心疫情爆发而将自己封锁之际,黑客攻击加密货币交易所使其能够以既控制疫情且在缺乏政府监管的行业中获得外汇收入。 朝鲜黑客在网络空间中漫游并发动毁灭性攻击,但几乎不会有被逮捕的风险,因为该国大部分地区都处于离线状态。“对朝鲜来说,这是一个低成本、低风险但高回报的犯罪企业,”韩国警察局前首席反恐分析师柳东律说。 朝鲜的首都平壤几乎没有足够的电力来运行电梯,而且大多数人没有电脑,更不用说上网了。然而,该国一直是世界上许多精明和具有侵略性的黑客的家园。 朝鲜学生在国际计算机编程竞赛中与世界顶尖大学的同龄人一较高下。据韩国国家情报局称,到 2013 年,金正恩称他的黑客是“万能之剑”,与他的核武器和导弹的“精准瞄准能力”相提并论。 “朝鲜黑客的独特之处在于他们在政府计划下接受培训、部署和运作,”Yoo 先生说。根据韩国估计,朝鲜拥有一支由大约 6,800 名网络战士组成的黑客军队,包括 |
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