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为什么会通货膨胀?
为什么会发生通货膨胀?经济学家们给出了不同的解释,可以概括为三个方面。
1.作为货币现象的通货膨胀
这个观点认为:每次通货膨胀背后都是货币供给的迅速增长,货币供给的增加是通货膨胀的基本原因。
说到这里相信大家也可以看出,美国大量印钞就是造成美国此次通货膨胀的主要原因。
美联储在2020年初的钞票是4.14万亿美元,现在是将近9万亿美元,相当于两年再造一个美联储。
2.用总需求与总供给来解释
①需求拉动的通货膨胀
需求拉动的通货膨胀是指当总需求超过总供给时会引起一般价格水平持续显著的上涨。
根据总供给-总需求曲线可以看出,当AS(总需求)大于AD(总供给)时,价格将会上涨。
②成本推动的通货膨胀
成本推动的通货膨胀是指在没有超额需求的情况下由于供给方面成本的提高所引起的一般价格水平持续和显著的上涨。
例如,在劳动市场中,过高的工资就会导致价格水平上涨。这之中也存在一种螺旋,工资提高会引起价格上涨,价格上涨又会引起工资提高,这样,工资提高和价格上涨就形成了螺旋式的上升。
3.结构性通货膨胀
结构性通货膨胀是由于经济结构因素的变动,出现一般价格水平的持续上涨。
这也很好理解,在经济中,总存在生产效率较快的部门和生产效率较慢的部门,前者因为各方面表现优异,所以工资、物价上涨会比较快,但是劳动市场要求两个部门的工资、物价要同一比例上涨,所以后者会因前者的上涨而上涨,就引起了通货膨胀。
通货膨胀会带来哪些影响?
我们都知道,通货膨胀对于一个国家的经济是不利的,那具体会带来哪些影响?这也可以从两个方面的经济效应进行分析。
1.通货膨胀的再分配效应
①通货膨胀会降低固定阶层的实际收入水平
如果只是物价上涨而工资不涨,那其实就是减少了实际收入。本来3000块的工资可以刚好够衣食住行,而发生了通货膨胀后,物价上涨,3000的工资可能就只够食和住了。
②通货膨胀对储蓄者不利
如果储蓄利率是3%,而通货膨胀率是5%,储蓄的利率还赶不上通货膨胀率,这对储蓄者来说就十分不利,存款的实际价值和购买力也会降低。
③通货膨胀还可以在债务人和债权人之间发生收入的再分配效应
具体来说,通货膨胀是牺牲了债权人的利益而让债务人获利。例如,债权人将100万借给债务人,借款利率为5%左右,意味着债权人到期后本利和为105万,而如果这段时间发生了通货膨胀,通货膨胀率为3%,就会使债权人损失了一部分利息,而让债务人少还一部分利润。
2.通货膨胀的产出效应
①需求拉动的通货膨胀引起产出增加
我们又回到总需求-总供给曲线,当AS(总供给)不变时,需求增加,AD(总供给)曲线上移,进而引起产出增加。
②成本推动的通货膨胀引起失业增加、产出和就业的下降
假设总需求不变,如果成本增加,就会使总需求所能购买的实际产品数量减少,就会造成实际产出的下降,失业率也会增加。
③超级通货膨胀导致经济崩溃
津巴布韦就曾发生过超级通货膨胀,2006年,津巴布韦的年通胀率为1042.9%,2007年则冲到10000%以上。到了2008年6月末,津巴布韦货币的汇率已跌至1美元兑1000亿津巴布韦元,而厚厚一沓纸币凑够的1000亿却只能买到一个面包。
恶性的通货膨胀会导致许多经济行为无法实现,市场经济机制也无法再正常运行,会产生大规模的经济混乱。
以上就是关于通货膨胀的一个科普。
我是区块链研究爱好者火山,链咖啡专栏作者,币圈不知名美女。
听说点赞的会年年发财哦,啾咪~
来源:金色财经 |
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