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史上最严厉加密制裁解读:Tornado Cash发生了什么
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原文标题:《突发 | 关于美国财政部制裁 Tornado Cash 的解读 20220808》 原文作者:阿法兔,阿法兔研究笔记 背景2022 年 8 月 8 日,美国财政部的海外资产控制办公室(The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Department of the Treasury)简称 OFAC,的官网显示,将部分与 Tornado Cash 协议或与之相关的以太坊地址进行交互的地址,放入 SDN List(美国特别制定国民名单)。 来源:美国财政部 这里解释一下这个 SDN List:美国特别指定国民名单是什么,如果被加到了这个名单,名单中的人员会根据 OFAC 管理的各种制裁计划,个人或者相关实体的财产和财产权益会被冻结。 怎么制裁? 注意,一般而言,美国人(US persons,包括美国公民、合法永久居民、根据美国法律设立的实体以及位于美国的其他组织等)不得与 SDN 进行任何交易,并且必须冻结他们拥有或控制的 SDN 的财产和财产权益。SDN 也不得接入美国的金融系统。OFAC 和美国国务院同时规定牵连美国人违反 SDN 禁令的外国人可能会受到《国际紧急经济权力法》( International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 简称 IEEPA) 下的民事和刑事处罚。同时,若外国人就某些商品和服务与 SDN List 中的实体进行重大交易,则其也可能会受到美国的二级制裁。因此,SDN 与非美国人的交易也会在一定程度上受到不利影响。此外,被纳入 SDN List 也会使得个人或企业遭受一定的声誉损失。 参考资料:http://www.jcacherm.com/portal/article/index/id/6/cid/4.html OFAC 是个什么机构?OFAC 的使命在于管理和执行所有基于美国国家安全和对外政策的经济和贸易制裁,包括对一切恐怖主义、跨国毒品和麻醉品交易、大规模杀伤性武器扩散行为进行金融领域的制裁,目前的 OFAC 仍然是美国最重要的针对特定国家、地区和人员进行的经济和贸易制裁的政府部门。近年来,随着世界性的反贪腐、反洗钱运动的深入,OFAC 的政策和指令,已经成为世界金融业,尤其是美国和与美国金融业有密切联系的金融机构无法忽略的经营原则。 有哪些可能的原因? 其实,美国财政部在 2022 年 5 月,就对另一个混币服务 Blender 进行过制裁,理由是它涉嫌帮助某国官方黑客组织(这里主要指 Lazarus Group)清洗从 Axie Infinity 窃取的部分资金。 2022 年 3 月 23 日,FBI 对入侵 Ronin 进行了认定,不法黑客组织为 Lazarus Group,而 Tornado Cash 经常被用作很多犯罪场合。 截至 2022 年 5 月初(当时的计价),Lazarus Group 已经向 Tornado Cash 转移了 37000 个以太坊,大约 1 亿美元。有专家认为,Tornado Cash 目前有 172,000 个以太坊的余额,在 5 月左右,某国官方黑客的黑钱,占 Tornado Cash 智能合约所持余额的 20%。 但没有任何可行的方法,能够阻止 Lazarus Group 往里面添加黑钱。尽管 Tornado Cash 运营方也尝试过很多努力,但是并不能限制洗钱,也不能阻止部分不法分子的存款和提款。 根据法律专家 Nicholas Weaver 的观点,2022 年 4 月 19 日,Lazarus Group 钱包中得到了 18256 个以太坊(大约 5000 万美元)。4 月 28 日和 29 日,这些以太坊被转移到 Tornado Cash,而 OFAC 发布制裁的 12 天后,Tornado Cash 接受了来自这些被黑来的以太坊。因此 OFAC 开始考虑对 Tornado Cash 的制裁,特别是提出这个钱包本身应该被列为受制裁的实体,认为所有参与这个资金池的其他人都在帮助隐藏某些黑来的钱,可能这已经是 OFAC 计划对 Tornado Cash 采取行动的开始... 你觉得 OFAC 对 Tornado Cash 的目前采取的行动,还有其他原因吗?后面还会怎么影响到其他和 Tornado Cash 相关的各个方面? 来源:金色财经 |
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