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解构侧链——Web3 可扩展性的未来
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Web3 有严重的可扩展性问题。但是应用程序侧链已成为解决加密货币最持久问题的可行解决方案。
到目前为止，今年对 Web3 世界影响最大的创新是侧链。世界上交易量最大的区块链提供商——Binance、Polygon、Ankr 和 Avalanche——最近都发布了侧链功能。他们正在为这些新的实施投资数亿美元——而且有充分的理由。
侧链是最有可能解决加密可扩展性问题的多链解决方案。一旦达到一定的流量水平，多个项目就会失败或停滞。众所周知，以太坊的汽油费非常昂贵，而 Solana 则持续拥堵到需要关闭的地步。不用说，除非交易快速、低成本和安全，否则 Web3 无法增长。
尽管有很多期望和实施，第 2 层 (L2) 解决方案并没有解决问题。侧链是不同的，随着加密进入主流采用，侧链可能被证明是最好的答案。
什么是侧链？
侧链有来自不同供应商的许多不同名称。Ankr 称它们为应用链；Avalanche 称它们为子网；Polygon 将它们称为超网。您可能还会听到术语平行链、嵌套区块链或特定于应用程序的区块链，币安将其称为应用程序侧链。就像软件开发世界中的所有事物一样，有不同的特性和实现。例如，一些侧链可能是平等的和相互依赖的，而另一些则处于父子关系中，其中子节点从父节点获取属性。
但是，侧链提供了更高的可扩展性，因为开发人员可以启动新的区块链或侧链来满足特定功能。例如，Avalanche 具有用于特定目的的专用链（X-Chain、C-Chain、P-Chain）。因此，区块链可以专门设计用于处理某些类型的交易或高频应用。如果一种交易类型导致了所有问题，它不会阻塞整个区块链，只会阻塞一个专用的侧链。
事实上，第 1 层区块链（以太坊、比特币、雪崩、币安）并不是为游戏设计的。这是可扩展性问题突出的单一领域，游戏是资源密集型的，并且需要大量的每日交易量。Avalanche 上的 Crabada 游戏最近将每笔交易的成本提高到 11 美元。而改变最初的 layer-1 区块链来迎合 Web3 游戏是不可行的。
侧链缺点
侧链有无限的应用，可能是推进 Web3 的最佳选择。但是侧链都由它们自己的一套规则管理，这些规则对于糟糕的架构来说并非万无一失。大多数去中心化应用程序 (DApp) 对运行自己的 Web3 基础设施、节点和验证器网络的所有细节都不够熟悉。这些是处理交易和确保速度、安全性和可靠性所必需的。
因为每个侧链都必须运行自己的基础设施，所以侧链通常不如初始链安全（一个常见的误解）。强区块链的安全特性不会在给定的侧链上继承。侧链有自己的共识机制、自己的验证者费用和基于每个开发者配置的漏洞。
Ronin 是 Axie Infinity 侧链，被黑客盗取了 6.2 亿美元的以太币 ( |
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