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北宋如何过春节:放假七天 允许民间公开Dubo
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北宋时期也过元旦。只是,当时的元旦是农历正月初一,这天称为元旦,也称元日、正旦、元正、岁朝、年朝等。元旦是一年之始,宋吴自牧在《梦粱录》中说:“正月朔日(初一),谓之元旦,俗称为新年。”当时,不论是官方还是民间,都视之为大节日,《野客丛书》中说:“国家官私以冬至、元正(元旦)、寒食……为大节日,七日假。”也就是说,北宋时期的“元旦”相当于现在的春节,当时国家的“假日办”要发出通知,给“上班族”放假七天。
( \, U7 ~: D& n1 M8 l. w在元旦的时候,在北宋的京城,宫廷里要举行大规模的朝会,皇帝要受百官的朝贺,人们称之为“排正仗”。此时,常有辽、高丽、西夏、于阗、回纥等地的外交官前来朝贺。孟元老在《东京梦华录》中说:“大辽大使顶金冠,后檐尖长,如大莲叶,服紫窄袍,金蹀躞;副使展裹金带,如汉服。大使拜则立左足,跪右足,以两手着右肩为一拜。副使拜如汉仪。……回纥皆长髯高鼻,以匹帛缠头,散披其服。于阗皆小金花毡笠、金丝战袍、束带,并妻男同来,乘骆驼,毡兜铜铎入贡。其中辽使臣朝见完毕,翌日要到相国寺烧香,次日于南御苑射箭,朝廷选善射武臣伴射。伴射得胜,京师市井儿拦路争献口号,观者如堵。”可见当时京城里过元旦的盛况。
6 O! n, K+ I# W元旦这天的清晨,京城里的家家户户都要早早起床,梳洗打扮,穿上新衣,走亲访友,相互祝福,把酒相庆。) s a @# M1 Q' E# M1 e+ g; {
从元旦这天开始,ZF准许百姓可以在三天中参与关扑游戏。所谓“关扑”,是一种带有Dubo性质的游戏,参与游戏的双方约定好价格,用铜钱在瓦罐内或地上掷,根据钱的字幕的多少来判定输赢,赢的人可折钱取走所扑的物品,输的人要付钱。关扑可以赌得很大,车马、地宅、歌姬、舞女,都可以作为赌资。+ K: F: P" A0 H" T# q
“关扑”简洁明了,在当时的民间非常盛行。但只有像元旦这样大的节日,官府才允许“关扑”开放,一般以食物、日常器具、果实、柴炭之类来赌。元旦之夜,有钱人家的女子或入场观赌,或入店饮宴,《东京梦华录》中说,这种事情“惯习成风,不相笑讶”。
- A& M g6 t) [! f3 ?北宋时期的元旦这天,京城的许多繁华街道上都要结彩棚,摆放帽子、梳子、珠翠、首饰、衣着、花朵、领抹、靴鞋、玩具之类的商品,还有舞场歌馆,车马来往,络绎不绝。同时,当时也有许多饮食习俗,比如,大部分家庭要吃素饼。《东京梦华录》中说:“(元旦的开封)皆煎术汤以饮之,并烧苍朮,又辟除疫疠之气。”许多人家还“用柏一枝、柿一枚、橘一枚,就中擘开,众分食之,以为一岁百事吉之兆。”如此看来,北宋的元旦真是到处洋溢着节日的气氛,非常热闹。 |
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