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流动性质押衍生品 (Liquid Staking Derivatives，以下简称 LSD)，比如 Lido 或其他类似的协议，是一个形成卡特尔化的层面，当它们超过关键的共识阈值时，会对以太坊协议和汇集的相关资本产生重大风险。资本配置者应该意识到其资本的风险，并分配到其他替代协议。同时，LSD 协议应该自我限制，以避免最终可能摧毁他们产品的中心化和协议风险。 注意，虽然目前的 LSD 协议 (如 Lido) 还有很大的改进空间，但本文并没有针对目前这些实现的设计中的缺陷。相反，本文的目的是表明，当 LSD 协议在超过共识阈值时存在的固有问题。 形成卡特尔化的层面在极端情况下，如果某个 LSD 协议超过了关键的共识阈值，比如 1/3、1/2 或者 2/3 (即该 LSD 协议中汇集的 ETH 质押金超过了以太坊信标链中的 ETH 总质押金的 1/3、1/2 或者 2/3)，并通过协同的 MEV (矿工可提取价值)、出块时间操纵和/或 (交易) 审查——即区块空间的卡特尔化，那么与其他未汇集起来的 ETH 质押金相比，质押衍生品可以实现超额利润。在这种情况下，由于卡特尔的巨额回报，那么通过其他地方参与 ETH 质押的资本将会受挫，从而自我强化了这个卡特尔对 ETH 质押的控制。 LSD 协议可以随着时间的推移将治理、可升级性和其他风险降到最低，但是「谁」可以成为 LSD 协议中的节点运营者 (Node Operator，以下简称 NO) 集的一部分的问题仍然存在。这个控制杆是形成卡特尔化的主要原因。 决定「谁」成为 LSD 协议的节点运营者 (NO) 涉及两个问题——即「谁」被添加到节点运营者集中，「谁」从该集中被移除。从长远来看，这可以通过两种方式设计——要么通过治理 (Token 投票或其他类似机制)，要么通过围绕声誉和盈利能力的自动化机制来决定。 选项 1：对节点运营者的治理就第一种设计方式而言，即通过治理来决定 NO (节点运营者)，治理
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