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以太坊合并临近 全方位解读对生态参与者诸多影响
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公链之王以太坊合并(The Merge)在即,加密社区再次聚集以太坊。因为一旦合并成功,以太坊的POW矿机挖矿将无法持续,质押在ETH2.0合约中的1300万 ETH将会释放,开发者部署的DApp或将受到影响,ETH市场表现又会有何变化?对于以太坊生态的各方参与者将会有哪些影响呢?
本文中,AEX研究院将从以太坊合并的缘由、生态参与方的影响、公链格局、用户机会等方面予以分析,供您参考,以便未来您能在强大的以太坊生态中更好把握投资机会。
以太坊合并缘由和意义
以太坊合并(Merge),是指以太坊的主网将与信标链的股权证明系统合并。述以太坊从工作量证明共识算法到使用权益证明的算法的过渡。这究竟是怎么一回事呢?
以太坊的定位是“世界计算机”,目前拥有全球最大的开发者社群,DApp数量也最多。其生态代币ETH市值2050亿,占全球加密总市值超20%,仅次于BTC。但作为公链之王的以太坊,每秒钟只能处理10-20笔交易,网络拥堵、gas费,让生态代币交易、DApp体验并不是很好。
以太坊诞生以来也一直在寻找更好的算法,以将以太坊打造成一个去中心化、可扩展、安全和节能环保的网络。并在2014年诞生之初,就设定了4个发展阶段:分别是Frontier (前沿)、Homestead (家园)、Metropolis (大都会)、Serenity (宁静)。现在前三个阶段都已经完成,第四个阶段Serenity (宁静)是以太坊的最终形态,也就是我们常说的以太坊2.0。
以太坊2.0,最大的变化是要引入分片、信标链,并会将它的PoW挖矿转成PoS挖矿。除机制转变外,还有最大程度进行性能提升。并且,以太坊生态用户群、资产量都很大,金融、技术属性提出了更高的安全过度要求。
因此,第四阶段不能一蹴而就,必须分阶段进行。直到2017 年社区达成了“Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget”的共识,这是一种混合 PoW/PoS 系统。
信标链信标链由权益证明共识算法保护,在2020年底就上线了,并且是以PoS的形式运行。目前已经有40多万活跃验证者,有超过1300万ETH抵押进入信标链维护共识,运行状态非常好。
截至2022年8月1日,以太坊主网依然由 PoW 机制来保证安全,为了平滑过渡,采用 PoS 机制的信标链与主链平行运行。
Merge 就是将两个系统合并到一起,它将目前的工作量证明(PoW)共识机制换成更环保、更高效、更安全的权益证明(PoS)共识机制。当合并发生时,目前的 PoW 共识机制将被完全废除,以太坊上的所有区块都将通过 PoS 产生。
根据以太坊开发者社区的消息,以太坊合并这一备受期待的事件,很可能在2022年8-9月份期间发生。
以太坊合并会带来哪些变化?
2020年底,以太坊进入一个PoW+PoS混合挖矿的阶段,为整个网络向PoS过渡做铺垫。但因资金量庞大、涉及的各方利益协调沟通非常繁琐和复杂,因此开发及合并进度并不是那么理想。
在未来两个月,以太坊合并合并一旦成功,以太坊将彻底转化为POS机制。并带来如下影响。
PoW挖矿下用户只能通过矿机算力获得出块资格赚取ETH奖励。为了平稳过渡到ETH2.0的质押挖矿,2015 年,以太坊便将代码中加入了“难度炸弹”,在预定的区块数上,增加工作证明挖矿算法中谜题的难度,导致出块时间比正常时间长,从而减少挖矿的ETH奖励。难度炸弹将让矿工挖矿盈利能力的下降,可在以太坊合并之前打消矿工的积极性,最终实现停止出块。原有的PoW矿工将不能继续参与以太坊挖矿。
在环境问题方面,可以让以太坊生态系统消耗更少的资源。矿机挖矿非常耗电,根据Digiconomist的数据,全世界各地的矿工每年挖矿的耗电量高达93.98万亿瓦时,即接近940亿度电。以太坊2.0将PoW挖矿转成PoS挖矿后,用户通过通过质押ETH获得出块资格,赚取奖励。从线下的设备挖矿,转变为线上的质押挖矿,完美解决了电力能源浪费的问题。
2021年8月1日,AEX研究院研究员查询了信标链数据,ETH2.0合约地址质押量为13,168,720枚ETH,约占ETH供应的10.8%。目前质押ETH 是单向操作,质押者不能提取他们的 ETH 奖励,以太坊合并后将可以提现。
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