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简而言之:以太坊是通过 Rollups 和数据可用性采样(DAS)来进行扩展的。但这是什么意思呢? 首先,我要指出的是,以太坊的路线图是不断发展的,所以你现在读到的任何东西可能都已经过时了。特别是所有 2018/19 年关于分片和 "以太坊 2.0 "的文章(是的,那些都已经过时了)。现在,在这里,我将简要地描述 2022 年 2 月的状况。 RollupsRollups 是 layer 2,完全继承了以太坊的安全、去中心化、流动性和网络效应等属性。目前,多个 rollups 已经上线,其中特定应用的 rollups 如 dYdX、zkSync 1.x 和 Loopring 已经成熟和优化。像 Optimism、Arbitrum 和 StarkNet 这样的智能合约 rollups 处于早期阶段,并在等待持续优化中。 今天,优化的 rollups 能够在 4,500 TPS 的情况下实现 0.10 美元的交易费用。某些高度优化的Rollups,如 dYdX,甚至可以扩展到 12,000 TPS。像 dYdX、Immutable X 和 Loopring 实际上是零交易费,因为它利用了账户抽象的特性。但这只是一个开始,现在就像 2016 年的智能合约一样。 那么下一个问题就变成了 — 我们该如何进一步推动 Rollups? Rollups 和应用程序开发者他们本身将继续优化。我们已经看到 Optimism 在一月份将交易费用降低了 30%,而另外 30% 的削减也即将到来。Arbitrum 同样也在 1 月份削减了他们的费用,Arbitrum Nitro 估计也将削减 50% 的费用。这将持续到 2022 年。Aave 开发者 Emilio 描述了他们如何通过优化将 optimistic rollups 的交易费用降低 10 倍至 0.16-0.25 美元。这些是一些例子 —— 随着时间的推移,以及它们的成熟,Rollups 的成本将继续减少。 与 L1 不同的是,活动越多,Rollups 的成本就越低。因此,随着 Rollups 的成熟,有更多的活动,以及代币激励,我们将看到更便宜的 rollups。
The SurgeThe Surge 是对以太坊的升级,由多个步骤组成,将为 Rollups 打开闸门。首先,我们将有中间步骤,如 EIP-4488 或携带 blob 的交易(blob-carrying transactions)。这些将使交易费用下降 5 倍或更多,超过上述的两点。这些中间步骤中至少有一个可能会在 2022 年底左右实施。 The Surge 的最后阶段是 danksharding — 一个专门为加速 Rollups 而建立的数据层。这整合了数据可用性采样(DAS),并为区块链带来了新的模式。通过数据可用性采样,你的网络越是去中心化,就越有能力进行 Rollups。随着带宽的改善和以太坊的去中心化,容量将继续增加。随着时间的推移,将有足够的能力在 Rollups 中拥有数以百万计的 TPS(足够让整个 TPS 和交易费用的困扰不再成为话题)。未来,我们将坐在那里,笑着说我们曾经为 gas 费而担心。Danksharding 将随着时间的推移而推出,第一批步骤可能发生在 2023 年。 Statelessness 和 zkEVM有了 The Surge,Rollups 将有巨大的规模和超低的交易费用。但 Ethereum L1 仍将是昂贵的。但这并不重要,因为终端用户都将会使用 Rollups 系统。当然,Ethereum L1 也同样会扩展,首先是通过无状态(statelessness),然后是几年后的 zkEVM。即使到那时,最便宜的费用将会继续是在 Rollups 上,这就是为什么大多数人将只使用 Rollups。 来源:金色财经 |
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当前离线
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