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[菠菜趣闻] 天朝博弈史
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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 . c( f) @7 A" i2 U  a: b) a8 x

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博弈即Dubo,是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物,有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅,还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类,如:六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。


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许慎《说文》载:“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时,即发展出六博的游戏,《说文》称:“(六博)局戏也,六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”

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《史记·殷本纪》上说,武帝乙“为偶人,谓之天神,与之博”。

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《列子·说符》载,大梁虞姓富户好博戏,每日开设博局招赌,四方赌徒闻风而来。

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《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。


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《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴,与井公博,三日而决”

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《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏,双方发生冲突,渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏,南宫万大怒,用六博盘砸死渭公。. z% b3 T* S5 [- x. T. i

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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。


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汉朝
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汉武帝时,翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵,赌风稍有收敛! N( O- K3 w! I2 I" `3 }3 X0 U  g

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东晋谢安在淝水之战时,“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集,方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄,是日玄惧,便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云:‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉,至夜乃还。”


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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏,是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来, 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”,最终演化为“麻将牌”。

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北宋初年禁赌甚严,在京城Dubo者一律处斩,《宋史·太宗纪》载:太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑,诏京城蒲博者,开封府捕之,犯者斩”。


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苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出:京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”,以“赌赛输赢”。/ S6 i0 I8 Y8 E+ A* ?# {


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《宋史·贾似道传》:“似道,少落魄,为游博,不事操行。 ”元兵南下,宋宋岌岌可危,“时襄阳围已急,似道日坐葛岭,起楼阁亭榭,取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾,日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”* I) c0 j& t. T) R+ ^+ W2 s


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辽道宗“晚年倦勤,用人不能自择,令各掷骰子,以彩胜者官之。”! N  a  e" _, p. z3 `* G) P; L: @

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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊,王崇简《冬夜笺记》说:“士大夫好之(马吊),穷日累夜,若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道,冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。2 m6 |9 O5 ?- V! P4 V) i, c  S$ |1 Y


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《大清律例》中规定:“反Dubo,不分兵民,俱枷号两月”:凡民人“开场诱引Dubo,经旬累月,聚集无赖放头、抽头者,初犯杖一百,徒三年:再犯杖一百,流三千里”。

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康熙“莅位之初,即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民,屏息而不敢出,内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀,外则商旅恬安,宵行夜宿,少遭劫盗,田畴益治,并里宴眠”。

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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁,“日夜严缉”,史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁,Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。  C# O) ^' _3 N6 b

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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗:“相唤相互日征逐,野狐迷人无此酷,一场纵赌几家贫,后车推鉴前车覆。”

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咸丰时,孝钦皇后嗜赌,经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风,遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”,“一日不博,若荷重负”,赌技颇佳,“常胜不负,人至莫敢与角”[4]。1 W& S+ e$ [- _) T% u% n


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洪秀全定都天京,颁布《太平刑律》,规定Dubo者处以极刑,当街绞死。


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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风:“赌馆林立,皆层楼崇敞,光怪陆离”。

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同治、光绪年间,京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博,尤喜摇摊,“每战辄北,不三五次,资复全没”[5]。

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蒲松龄曾说:“天下之倾家者,莫速于赌;天下之败德者,亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新,将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被,马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯,被马用铡刀砍死。

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吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说:“禽之善斗者,有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡,古法也,而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉,北人好斗鹌鹑,惟山右为甚。富室贵胄,遇有俊物,不惜重价购之。……示日开圈,鹑客麇集,挟资千万。”8 q% v$ r5 j! ^% p8 I8 v( u( G% {


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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道:“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽,见几个为Dubo灭了人伦,见几个为Dubo与人拼命,见几个为Dubo昧了良心,见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍,见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒,自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。

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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说:“最普通的是斗鸡,斗蟋蟀,南方有斗黄头鸟,斗画眉鸟,北方有斗鹌鹑,一群闲人们围着呆看,还因此赌输赢。”


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1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道:“男人以打麻将为消闲,女人以打麻将为家常,老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界,可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的!”


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:) :( :D :'( :@ :o
:P :$ ;P :L :Q :lol
:loveliness: :funk: :curse: :dizzy: :shutup: :sleepy:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:) :( :D :'( :@ :o
:P :$ ;P :L :Q :lol
:loveliness: :funk: :curse: :dizzy: :shutup: :sleepy:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory:
:) :( :D :'( :@ :o
:P :$ ;P :L :Q :lol
:loveliness: :funk: :curse: :dizzy: :shutup: :sleepy:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake: :call:
:hug: :victory: :time: :kiss: :handshake:
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