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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 . ]* {+ v! ^/ t
# J$ `6 y/ P1 o: L# c. {0 S
天朝博弈史# X0 a* g$ ^: x! y$ s6 G+ h9 y* y7 b
+ \6 g% K4 l4 [1 _8 \, r博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 8 g9 u' @# Y- w Y- C5 j4 ^& `
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” & V7 O' k; t/ ?
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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4 b6 s2 o, v6 _0 q→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
: K4 e, D# {9 G0 O. @7 Y《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 - E: g% \$ Q3 Q4 ], Q( ?/ k1 ~# ~/ r
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” $ \9 ~" Q" H/ _- |3 T) X
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。/ q$ d1 c9 P' p
4 }# l7 X v/ l J' }/ ^# k' z6 r《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 $ H- {- i! d' W" f9 n# M
9 d( W1 x( X9 ^% x0 ?
→汉朝6 i, b7 q6 a( V [5 J1 Q2 K+ M
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛3 n& m$ |) J* i, C
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, k% r7 W+ i* Z& C晋朝+ {% O& K9 v3 I1 E7 ^" C
# d d+ V1 _8 ?, W2 p( x p# \东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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3 @8 I; b# K! c/ O$ ]唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 _! X9 r& t. t9 P X7 ?
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宋朝& b; x1 v4 ?. Y! S
F' s' {, z1 x) K* c北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
* E8 ^6 A# b8 S" V1 k苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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6 T" W% G9 b' M9 f; ]" c5 N《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”% u2 C4 S/ b' a! r$ h' H e
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2 N% j+ j8 D3 J) d q4 m" `辽、金8 i8 Z. t* z& ~- }
N s" L% n5 {! q+ `辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 A1 t9 a4 \! |4 @! F/ ~
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5 I# |( m! C" `' R$ {明朝" A5 n% E5 A0 T6 e- s
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。& W' ?5 x6 K p( F1 G* z
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→
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5 g& l, Q9 x- x2 ~, y, p8 F( N1 v清朝
9 y4 P# A% t, Z$ u; j5 p; |! p2 Y& ~2 w2 Y+ a
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 5 X9 s* r- x/ Z2 K2 r# ~8 V
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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. {- `5 A( h( n* ]5 t雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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1 n2 G) i! w9 m9 V. t- X清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
" Y8 r. z5 a0 g+ V咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。7 e9 M @8 j8 {2 d y
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 + u% P+ q* q2 A0 C8 n6 b8 _& x, K; i
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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% g) }# M0 w* p8 x9 q蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。& e) e1 z: T6 ?* C: ]3 h
3 u& S' j1 w4 J3 e5 U( A张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
( v9 `4 B& ]7 S, u, P; R# q5 ?6 L. A吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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Z, Z1 R! R2 U光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” & g1 I' g$ Q6 X) V6 H# ?& m
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” , ]$ g" M) a3 N: u8 D
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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