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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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, Z3 m& X! `- A! A天朝博弈史 u: c. s: ~6 D
# w6 k9 r+ P' |博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 - I D) d+ W9 o, c6 T
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
& S% w! _, f y! t! o《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 * ]7 k+ u! C+ N0 X' c
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- |1 V2 G1 C+ z2 X→春秋战国( Y+ n+ t$ ]/ r
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
4 e9 A/ w0 w# ~' q7 N& A4 E《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
5 V2 x8 E }. N/ I; w& J% y《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” % A5 _% b" |. N K
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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% o; Z' m6 p, c8 k3 ~" b" m《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ; u9 \9 {( q- {8 W- x! P: V
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→汉朝. ?( P: ]7 j6 |1 Y
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛8 @. a; H1 [. r+ b& c
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→
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
" J6 B' V( W/ T+ h→* t' C1 Z: V; N4 z! z- K1 Y$ c
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唐朝
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: Q2 ?% d9 A- n( g" r0 P唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →3 H1 R" X8 X* k6 o ?
' g7 V: ]/ ]0 K2 p$ g7 a宋朝3 M6 X) l- D( l
! S) z: E+ r- y2 m) S/ D' O! Z北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 " Z @" {& o) H& E* @# O5 [' I% w
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。$ H. x6 h# W6 o* I* K# e9 S
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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9 K- T! Q+ C. q$ W. x辽、金
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% ]1 C+ {0 M& w6 k& }, S q! `辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”9 s# O2 f) O m( O
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6 T% N( d' [8 X5 C2 g5 h明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。' `+ w* A' G2 Z! P, v' h5 d& B
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→
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清朝8 g3 g; v. v1 ]9 q2 W. S3 Z6 n* _
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 " Q' u4 O, d; Y0 F% y. f
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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: i5 e1 R; `9 Q' M雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。3 v! ~2 } z, @& k8 W# w, s
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
' C6 t/ M9 y7 _+ D/ s咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。' @! l2 ]2 g& ~ _4 F: v
& E4 m1 h: V& H洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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+ y8 a& S, j$ L$ u2 N汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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8 M% ?6 B" ^/ v+ m/ T/ k/ j同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 # L- S' A9 ?7 W7 p. B7 K
8 W+ q* `4 R: w6 y" H& q, J+ X蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 C6 {4 d# x" d# ?吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”/ S7 g; M( h7 k# h6 w: H- B* W
6 N) N' z6 K; i8 S+ i6 g2 ]
光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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! s+ z3 L+ {2 u6 C2 W中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
; C: t: t. S. Q) w3 J1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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