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天朝博弈史! }4 p0 K- u& M# ]2 x3 \# o
1 `; b4 r; S# E/ I+ P# H博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
+ Q3 l4 j M9 K* [" @许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ j* p3 a' \) j; |1 F《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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3 S7 O! n0 H5 {4 B" L( h. r6 b8 ^! P
→春秋战国
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% `4 q- E/ K- j《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 [$ t- u" e$ k2 Y
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ) \ O9 V* |4 s. {0 q8 C
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
W1 h- _2 T$ L7 h: z( C1 o: }& I《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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; t6 h' k; @6 F* M0 g《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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2 E7 i& g, q0 w" K. d1 a→汉朝
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+ X5 x& V8 s. k汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→* Z* |( V3 Z" c8 p& ~
7 x# ]/ Y0 z* N: C* ~8 e( V9 H晋朝
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5 ?% H3 @& H9 q I1 b9 h/ U- J东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” - ~+ P5 J1 H3 g! Z3 Y, u9 A
→
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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, ^7 G0 _3 R& {* D# e" X# {宋朝/ R- ? T& _0 j/ g- E) J
; e, E* T" q, u# k4 W北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
$ E5 g r8 [3 e- e3 b+ A$ P苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。 o( w) X2 Y! X+ L, t7 |; ?3 H
! v5 S! U& \/ w# Y/ v- O+ A2 \《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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" @" F( N1 z" @$ V辽、金' ]0 ?3 A5 j, U" V8 o" z! L
7 b, g! t1 H% G# I辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”' S* m+ c7 t% \4 X ]! X/ ~
p2 F: w' }* R0 M. N5 O→" q7 X3 n0 v0 @9 c& g& n+ k$ w* \
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& x2 g5 B7 \* y9 p/ ?1 T明朝
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: p" q5 V& A% x7 f5 S9 q5 O明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。/ F( t* |6 B* P( `+ w
8 g+ w# u+ ?) t' C: y2 W, R→) s% Q/ H. Y4 N
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清朝: q( v- x9 Q j/ i$ K4 z
7 [+ M, A% W3 g" U《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。0 v4 B$ f7 \2 B0 D9 |0 }, d
) n& C8 j& K/ @$ x( W# }清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” # P* E: N3 m# {2 B
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 S9 l/ D7 ~* N1 M3 B7 r) I5 w
8 S' Y1 P8 l: I* q0 j0 }1 A洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 7 R+ L0 p/ O: E* J* E
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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4 B$ W. c" }* Y; _8 Z; V同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 . U1 b8 ^; B6 A& ?
; T) R9 x& H1 X: B- n蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。, M1 D3 f0 @0 P {8 y
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 / T! b) L2 q% b
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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* ]6 J) m( g1 T: @/ h光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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4 I9 F/ ?3 e; j) N& j1 V8 Y2 l1 i中华民国
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- T% z7 A8 j& U1 k5 T, H鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” & f; s j! G# M1 C" E
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” & x7 b* s' @ h2 \( R) C5 S
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