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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 `- e3 \, g- | A
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
4 y- A& A' l: h8 t1 t+ }( r: p2 H《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 + M/ N' Z( s0 l
6 |6 ?/ c/ K1 p( C: y$ Z$ I
- L* J* F E5 }1 }- ^3 ?5 k0 {! g→春秋战国
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2 ]+ m3 k) |0 m6 z# Z' `《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 * ?" B9 n7 T5 Y" @
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 : z1 U q+ J- s
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” $ ^# Y( j, K( J/ B; x
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 m9 v: [# @5 Q( ]3 b4 g
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 . I) u: D+ X) I# A
: i& M2 T: e# ~( Y, o1 T0 }→汉朝' I+ ^- E) ]9 b' U6 n. }- C
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛9 A4 y% w6 B3 ]# K/ e. b3 J
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% \: W. }0 m1 x# ~/ n5 P9 D晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 ?' c% r: g8 N( ~3 m$ n$ J7 }
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! b+ g8 g8 i9 @0 |; S& V* C5 Y, E唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 P6 }; J6 [- o i& L- T; _6 }3 S& \
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宋朝" Z4 z5 Q$ j! f5 l6 a, ^% A+ z
' s) ]5 v, r j, D: F0 f" Z" y7 F北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 & {, j* M0 g# ]5 X% y7 d
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。; p" U* }' |) h# e! L. j
+ \6 y! z( e! y6 `7 l《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”* e$ h7 M: s6 A& T* f ~& h, w- z
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明朝# b$ ]# H( O5 J2 x8 M
" s* h4 e' q( o明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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; \; T; j" E c' t5 u1 q清朝! j6 J# @- A N. ~7 h
. O y: |; U2 O6 k《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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/ F' r/ U$ P7 S6 z8 R清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ) @5 ]7 r; r5 I2 i
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 n" f, h8 d" O* x* [
0 {3 q0 Y; o) M8 o; l0 p9 A; P. p y洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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$ D8 w* W5 c3 I( h h1 ^汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 6 z; p, m% W: c( l" d+ e
" {) @' q- Y0 v. c% q蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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" o' k2 V9 A; K3 W7 L2 ~张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
* L: _* H7 i* F' z6 A吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”% u* S9 F' e7 u9 Z. _- ^& M
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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1 u$ @/ O- i0 `6 L; T" x鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” $ V( K- @. _3 ~
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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