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3 S" ^" K1 x; g. Z天朝博弈史9 H4 h- v9 G7 w$ H- k
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 , o3 a! l+ v |1 L' q5 P
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
% h+ D" y( M$ W o1 b《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 0 w/ b! m m6 v
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' W" I8 o/ Q7 J2 N→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
8 \" S/ R8 p! U- {4 @* Q《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
# \3 K! ^# E3 k% h- o《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ! i! P! [& Q5 v5 |: R2 {1 n
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 # s. W' r# H3 P( p* ^
* D1 M _4 n' R' c# }# H* N% x→汉朝: X6 ]% }# {" J
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( p- W* I( u% g% @7 Z5 s$ O" E8 v汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝. C. w$ ?" f6 Y
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
9 h2 m' B' V" q( G, I→
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唐朝
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& }: K: ]+ P" a唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝+ {6 I0 ?! z, O4 \3 A! K
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
u: F/ A. G2 G苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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! ~1 o" w+ ?' @$ a% {《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” N+ Z2 O1 A# S% j8 F! T. d [* d
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% H. n* |0 V7 C辽、金
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& l% W- U3 m6 q7 w& o+ x, Q+ k辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”, `/ c) {6 Q# O& T6 E y
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→
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7 E* h, U0 d& a. E5 \" [; s明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。& K) \- ]9 g8 V/ h0 G* a& ~
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% F6 V! w7 y; W F! v6 n- w: p清朝
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9 B0 b( Y& d4 E: G2 J《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 & a; ^4 P: p' {7 f* a" a6 q- {
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 Z( d7 K/ U: T
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。; |) @! n# K2 B7 C
* W! Q9 S$ q# P- l2 N" F清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ; B& p' ~( p( ~/ ]: g
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 D3 V' q* S3 D) r3 `
" W- j5 K9 M- H/ `! t4 y- x5 t3 ]1 o洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + h/ {# j. U- i% \
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 $ M6 I- U \8 D5 w% J, Z
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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' c. x9 {2 L: X$ s, r( V蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! k$ d9 W' M" v- Q- I
0 ]3 S3 `% U x+ T1 r7 @8 z张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 8 u: p5 ]5 |3 w+ @7 \
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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- d2 K9 R9 x6 O' v2 W光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 6 E \3 ~ n3 C# T$ u K
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, M% W7 \0 ?9 r5 u2 A; T+ D5 [鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 h7 [8 b* S" B6 Q8 {- H
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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