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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 6 ]3 [- g: D- O& U. |0 M
+ P( I+ c i+ c9 V0 _' Q$ e天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
! C; @3 i) E8 ~; l* I$ D& H许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
7 d$ V( t' X/ Q8 S5 b《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ( {* [% N2 \) B
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
2 o" s) n! G( P' a- r( p }+ P# w6 n& U《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
. T( b# @4 \, |6 j% m) t+ {《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” : u8 @4 u5 z: c3 {% W! V+ o
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 O- \, F j5 o7 Z: o c
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 6 ?$ Y3 f, d6 K3 u
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→汉朝/ i# z/ m$ a! Z! K* Z
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛3 \' n- ]4 G/ @% | D% O) Y6 `
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→
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+ V. l% q( W C! j, O晋朝- z8 r1 l$ u+ C6 l1 U1 q/ c
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝 d, V$ m" J8 P$ i
0 c) G. |, \; F! E8 ]唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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" o4 c8 |; D/ z1 y, F! T7 _# u2 m宋朝. P" {4 V' p: @7 U# ]
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
3 S0 T& {8 ]: G8 b& U+ t# Z苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 j2 [% u' [4 Z9 Q3 Q
& m0 g8 U, X; [7 A, N( g T% I1 j9 x《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金$ r* C+ q. M; x& y- H
* b& B3 d7 `* h辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”0 }. x1 J; H. O
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→
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- Y! y/ {$ s, d3 z. b2 g: y( e明朝
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8 _/ b1 \! j' n3 ]- G, k# R4 q F1 {明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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/ S% O3 D! k. t" J清朝3 i; ?7 z+ ?) Z( t) J6 `
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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' p; k3 Z- ?1 q" z8 |+ z. x& h康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 " w( N5 ^! `& T: C1 Z/ K
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。( B7 I1 r6 E3 v7 W W
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” * ^/ D+ c& d: }- J+ h
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。5 q, B/ _3 ^" m4 r5 N
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 1 S; x# b% \) M) G# ^& F
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ; a' |2 Z) k5 l
9 y( F$ i- E6 q- ?4 ]
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。9 J1 x5 z/ k; D V" ?9 I
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
( s9 {8 }6 v3 O& {# D吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”6 j+ k p5 }) m# m
1 Y1 v3 x+ n+ R" k+ @+ u" l m6 Y8 @光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ' ` ?' V% F8 ]% X
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ' W X) T( r5 V p$ h" Z- r
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” % s: a9 H5 r. q* S' N* l! @
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