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! U/ [2 g# {: Z8 Z. V天朝博弈史
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7 L7 n& u! r \博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
; ~9 \0 Q; j1 ~许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
& F, h4 d+ t# O《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国1 |8 v7 m9 e0 J: i4 K; d$ q
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 % p, V' F& @+ N4 x/ R+ u
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 9 n& A# u" y5 \ e
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
; w( w: x2 L& e% o《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。- F1 _5 u+ T! l( {
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 , ?$ b" Q0 `- e$ h- a+ [1 S/ Y
8 {. K; W; s) q→汉朝# Y. C J4 S' e: H7 @. R9 ?+ l
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛+ \3 W9 M" R) r* @, `8 L0 ?
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晋朝# ` z, W/ E' i/ h8 p
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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8 x: B& m+ R* A+ _/ v% i2 _唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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/ l& ^6 |' a+ J% @4 {) `( y宋朝9 \, n) d' i% O, l! g4 {
6 u% g. q3 ]: ] {8 d4 X北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 * W" Q& g: e" y' {* o' _# h% b
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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- z' P( j( W; {8 L# Y, ?《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ B, x' ?/ ^9 U; H/ r/ b; m0 J
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3 s v4 a7 T% y; I I1 T0 I辽、金; K+ H( A4 H5 Q/ B8 Q( F% b R V
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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) J+ ^9 c- K' j明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。1 H: L4 `2 s1 N( A, H- m: P; L
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 $ x/ |4 W& I( ~# B
2 }( n$ z0 [" ^4 }康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 % C' w0 u+ H% [/ f. l8 V6 E
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
- A/ |1 k/ {) t, R咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 H+ x6 ^8 K4 A, m# P0 k% S; c& K
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 , n& f( Y# O- D" }0 l. P; U0 S; s( x5 {
- D( K+ t. p2 c1 W. b; ^6 _9 f2 P汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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3 ^# h9 n+ \0 m2 x同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 T8 M( B0 K$ F0 P2 Y9 g, ]) Z" y# H
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
9 S5 D+ V1 z9 m9 i- A3 ?吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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3 ~% K" m2 w' y' c5 y: k) _4 p光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国# q! A9 d$ Z. t( \% y
, z8 d1 a; L. H; I3 B鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
4 w! _0 _2 k; e6 I: z/ g; R& u1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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