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* G8 @5 I! f5 k8 q* y) i天朝博弈史
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. s* u( `( I3 U' ]博弈即Dubo,是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物,有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅,还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类,如:六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( P& B! _( Y4 o+ Z3 a3 Y许慎《说文》载:“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时,即发展出六博的游戏,《说文》称:“(六博)局戏也,六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 9 H Z, p6 r4 B! e/ r
《史记·殷本纪》上说,武帝乙“为偶人,谓之天神,与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载,大梁虞姓富户好博戏,每日开设博局招赌,四方赌徒闻风而来。
6 K' E+ x9 w; C* v3 Z/ R. ~- \《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 . K. f1 M N8 M5 x$ x( e: k& T P
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴,与井公博,三日而决”
T; ?: | p; D& E" c- A( V《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏,双方发生冲突,渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏,南宫万大怒,用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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( Z. y* n+ b2 J7 }→汉朝0 Y7 {6 R/ e( |2 o; A9 ?4 r
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( i9 l8 j' h# R5 u- L! A& p; F$ A汉武帝时,翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵,赌风稍有收敛
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5 r6 P: H: D' ?2 s; f→
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9 K) L* B2 C6 B晋朝- V5 }/ d' k; \+ a
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时,“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集,方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄,是日玄惧,便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云:‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉,至夜乃还。” 2 m- T- W. a0 D5 \6 C% o
→
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5 J6 y( H5 {$ B7 t% p! }/ j; |唐朝- x2 D2 W/ ^: s, c
% t, f. v5 z& b$ |: l* ]唐朝流行叶子戏,是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来, 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”,最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝# ?/ ~8 M3 D1 F% r5 ]8 G1 J
2 {0 n) T! r/ {7 g9 L+ E7 I北宋初年禁赌甚严,在京城Dubo者一律处斩,《宋史·太宗纪》载:太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑,诏京城蒲博者,开封府捕之,犯者斩”。
8 B) F& H1 w/ R9 `: A) p9 j7 m苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出:京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”,以“赌赛输赢”。4 b* d; ~4 a; K* _5 [7 U% L( ?* w& p
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《宋史·贾似道传》:“似道,少落魄,为游博,不事操行。 ”元兵南下,宋宋岌岌可危,“时襄阳围已急,似道日坐葛岭,起楼阁亭榭,取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾,日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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: U& I/ A) R* h1 j辽道宗“晚年倦勤,用人不能自择,令各掷骰子,以彩胜者官之。” }- u( H8 A: x5 H8 f9 _
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q: y& M( {' R明朝
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明朝盛行马吊,王崇简《冬夜笺记》说:“士大夫好之(马吊),穷日累夜,若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道,冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。( j8 d; ^- e6 T0 r, T! R2 X3 k
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清朝0 a- f" P' Q) S+ k6 q' o6 w0 `0 @
; I6 l5 G& s" S; @9 ^《大清律例》中规定:“反Dubo,不分兵民,俱枷号两月”:凡民人“开场诱引Dubo,经旬累月,聚集无赖放头、抽头者,初犯杖一百,徒三年:再犯杖一百,流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初,即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民,屏息而不敢出,内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀,外则商旅恬安,宵行夜宿,少遭劫盗,田畴益治,并里宴眠”。
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' J/ m9 `# X% P5 s. J雍正时对Dubo一再严禁,“日夜严缉”,史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁,Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗:“相唤相互日征逐,野狐迷人无此酷,一场纵赌几家贫,后车推鉴前车覆。”
8 O: T8 x4 F+ } _# R6 @1 W咸丰时,孝钦皇后嗜赌,经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风,遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”,“一日不博,若荷重负”,赌技颇佳,“常胜不负,人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京,颁布《太平刑律》,规定Dubo者处以极刑,当街绞死。
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7 b, v3 `1 ?5 h4 M- ^4 y汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风:“赌馆林立,皆层楼崇敞,光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间,京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博,尤喜摇摊,“每战辄北,不三五次,资复全没”[5]。
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; X/ u! ^$ s5 y蒲松龄曾说:“天下之倾家者,莫速于赌;天下之败德者,亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新,将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被,马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯,被马用铡刀砍死。 $ E/ g% m; X8 ]* L/ l7 Z: d
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说:“禽之善斗者,有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡,古法也,而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉,北人好斗鹌鹑,惟山右为甚。富室贵胄,遇有俊物,不惜重价购之。……示日开圈,鹑客麇集,挟资千万。”, {# s/ h \* Y6 b. @2 Z5 C- R
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道:“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽,见几个为Dubo灭了人伦,见几个为Dubo与人拼命,见几个为Dubo昧了良心,见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍,见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒,自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ' v) |. W$ W3 R
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中华民国# m) S/ b3 \0 ?: {1 W; @1 \
; D: U7 G0 K9 a3 t+ T鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说:“最普通的是斗鸡,斗蟋蟀,南方有斗黄头鸟,斗画眉鸟,北方有斗鹌鹑,一群闲人们围着呆看,还因此赌输赢。” S* M2 p- V! d F4 B Q
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道:“男人以打麻将为消闲,女人以打麻将为家常,老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界,可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的!”
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