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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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- {3 c5 e2 m& v- W7 G天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 # s, c3 A8 g+ J+ q4 T8 q9 W- n
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ @8 |, C: V6 \4 W《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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N; J6 ~4 M4 D) ]
→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 8 C ^1 h1 O$ F P7 x8 G# E
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 , {, r) Y4 e9 l1 a4 \
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 0 C1 n4 {7 E3 ]+ H3 V4 q; ~% s
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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+ K/ m/ ~- _; J7 T0 u3 Q# b' h《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 8 s7 a G$ P. X
8 J7 T) Z0 F! `- r: C→汉朝' s5 d, s8 |3 [2 t, |# o' u
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/ S, d2 z; w) q R汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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3 D! G& j- b* D$ l. w东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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, Q4 s5 z0 z3 V4 r6 {* {. P% B唐朝
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( \% Y" U6 s$ v$ C唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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: u) F9 A& n/ }4 X! p北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
3 M. y: E7 S6 _. w1 W苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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/ a6 w8 e& P/ t: {* o+ }4 l《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”% {4 g5 z& ^/ a+ @
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→
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! V) Y. Z+ f/ o& b" n辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝; Z- i' q* i5 Y- P+ E& U7 J% l, S
' o/ o, N# e7 j: v+ k明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝- j5 z7 t; I4 E; F) I
& p4 |# I7 q) c6 ?《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 : N& m9 G' Q0 w" F! s
+ c! z4 b3 B7 f2 I2 r8 Y# ^康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 & F4 J$ @. M3 z
+ _7 t' k2 I4 u8 b1 X4 \5 P6 c" i雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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+ ?% \( O0 k+ b清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
' _& U2 G# V8 C- o% M咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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) x. c: `4 O" ]( f洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ) x1 }) U% m* p/ V4 G' U2 b) J/ R
* {( J C, }% p' Q* G, ?/ T汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 9 D% p- D d- ^0 L( I; B: ~5 l, A# ]
( b; P& v$ I- ` Y4 o同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ) ^( B i# n: i& j8 i4 t8 |
# S( @" u' G3 o! c2 R$ O) R蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。) x4 e+ L2 B1 ^* h$ C
4 Q c( p- B5 E1 j0 c3 h张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
, A6 T5 v8 Q$ Q' ]: Z E吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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0 |$ Q" D9 U* f' I1 }光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” * \$ d8 p2 d, [ h N# D9 M
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中华民国% Z% t) o3 [8 U
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
5 e0 O9 G9 ^6 T! P' p1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” : E# r3 A! M: T! [, k/ \
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